Passaic, MO Natural Disasters and Weather Extremes
Hot Rankings
The chance of earthquake damage in Passaic is lower than Missouri average and is much lower than the national average. The risk of tornado damage in Passaic is lower than Missouri average and is higher than the national average.
Earthquake Index, #913
| Passaic, MO | 0.00 |
| Missouri | 0.70 |
| U.S. | 1.81 |
The earthquake index value is calculated based on historical earthquake events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the earthquake level in a region. A higher earthquake index value means a higher chance of an earthquake.
Volcano Index, #1
| Passaic, MO | 0.0000 |
| Missouri | 0.0000 |
| U.S. | 0.0023 |
The volcano index value is calculated based on the currently known volcanoes using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the possibility of a region being affected by a possible volcano eruption. A higher volcano index value means a higher chance of being affected.
Tornado Index, #796
| Passaic, MO | 177.44 |
| Missouri | 214.01 |
| U.S. | 136.45 |
The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data using USA.com algorithms. It is an indicator of the tornado level in a region. A higher tornado index value means a higher chance of tornado events.
Other Weather Extremes Events
A total of 4,093 other weather extremes events within 50 miles of Passaic, MO were recorded from 1950 to 2010. The following is a break down of these events:
| Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count | Type | Count |
| Avalanche: | 0 | Blizzard: | 10 | Cold: | 37 | Dense Fog: | 23 | Drought: | 30 |
| Dust Storm: | 0 | Flood: | 491 | Hail: | 1,871 | Heat: | 39 | Heavy Snow: | 40 |
| High Surf: | 0 | Hurricane: | 0 | Ice Storm: | 16 | Landslide: | 0 | Strong Wind: | 53 |
| Thunderstorm Winds: | 1,317 | Tropical Storm: | 0 | Wildfire: | 0 | Winter Storm: | 54 | Winter Weather: | 21 |
| Other: | 91 | ||||||||
Volcanos Nearby
No volcano is found in or near Passaic, MO.
Historical Earthquake Events
No historical earthquake events that had recorded magnitudes of 3.5 or above found in or near Passaic, MO.
No historical earthquake events found in or near Passaic, MO.
Historical Tornado Events
A total of 72 historical tornado events that had recorded magnitude of 2 or above found in or near Passaic, MO.
| Distance (miles) | Date | Magnitude | Start Lat/Log | End Lat/Log | Length | Width | Fatalities | Injuries | Property Damage | Crop Damage | Affected County |
| 5.8 | 2006-03-12 | 2 | 38°15'N / 94°20'W | 38°24'N / 94°09'W | 10.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 0 | 0 | 5K | 0 | Bates |
| Brief Description: Tornado touched down at 1952 CST just on the north side of Butler...and then proceeded northeast over rural country...before crossing over into Cass county 2 miles north of Ballard at 2005 CST. Damage was limited to trees...power lines...and one barn. | |||||||||||
| 8.3 | 1982-05-20 | 2 | 38°25'N / 94°19'W | 38°27'N / 94°16'W | 3.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Bates |
| 8.6 | 1956-12-04 | 2 | 38°20'N / 94°14'W | 38°21'N / 94°09'W | 4.50 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Bates |
| 13.3 | 1977-05-04 | 3 | 38°26'N / 94°33'W | 38°28'N / 94°31'W | 2.70 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Bates |
| 15.4 | 2006-03-12 | 2 | 38°25'N / 94°08'W | 38°28'N / 94°05'W | 5.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 0 | 0 | 75K | 0 | Cass |
| Brief Description: Tornado crossed from Bates county into Cass county...6 miles south-southwest of Creighton at 2005 CST. It moved northeast and exited Cass county into Henry county at 2007 CST...2 miles south of Creighton. F1 damage to several structures was noted. | |||||||||||
| 16.0 | 1969-04-04 | 2 | 38°28'N / 94°36'W | 38°31'N / 94°30'W | 6.90 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Bates |
| 18.2 | 1969-04-04 | 2 | 38°23'N / 94°43'W | 38°28'N / 94°36'W | 8.50 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Miami |
| 20.7 | 2003-05-04 | 2 | 38°35'N / 94°13'W | 38°36'N / 94°09'W | 4.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 200K | 0 | Cass |
| Brief Description: Tornado briefly touched down at Highway 7 and County Road Z interchange. No damage and was reported by storm chaser. Tornado touched back down just north of the interchange, and then continued intermittently for 4 miles to the Johnson county line around Latour, near the inersection of Routes 2 and 131. A dry line moved into eastern Kansas on the afternoon of May 4th. Severe thunderstorms quickly erupted in the mid afternoon hours and marched east northeast into Missouri. Several of the severe thunderstorms became tornadic. A supercell thunderstorm produced 4 seperate tornadoes over the northland of Kansas City. The strongest tornadoes reached F4 in intensity and moved over southern portions of Platte and Clay counties. In Platte county 14 buildings were destroyed, 43 suffered major damage and 149 had minor damage. There were no fatalities or injuries and total damage was estimated at $33.95 million dollars. In Clay county total damages were estimated at $91 million dollars. Several hundred homes were either destroyed or had major or minor damage. No fatalities were observed but there were 19 injuries. This was the most significant tornado outbeak in the Kansas City Metropolitan area, since the Pleasant Hill Missouri outbreak in 1977. | |||||||||||
| 20.9 | 1970-05-09 | 2 | 38°08'N / 94°39'W | 0.50 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Linn | |
| 21.5 | 1969-04-04 | 2 | 38°21'N / 94°46'W | 38°23'N / 94°43'W | 3.30 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Linn |
| 21.6 | 1977-05-04 | 3 | 38°28'N / 94°31'W | 38°48'N / 94°15'W | 27.10 Miles | 500 Yards | 2 | 15 | 25.0M | 0 | Cass |
| 23.2 | 2006-03-12 | 2 | 38°28'N / 94°04'W | 38°33'N / 93°55'W | 11.00 Miles | 450 Yards | 1 | 13 | 500K | 0 | Henry |
| Brief Description: Tornado crossed into Henry county at 2007 CST from Cass county. The tornado produced occasional F2 damage before dissipating 3 miles east southeast of Blairstown at 2025 CST. There was one fatality where a man died after the house was destroyed. M54PH | |||||||||||
| 23.8 | 1958-11-17 | 3 | 37°59'N / 94°14'W | 38°00'N / 94°13'W | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Vernon | ||
| 24.8 | 1956-12-04 | 2 | 38°16'N / 93°56'W | 38°23'N / 93°51'W | 9.10 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 2 | 25K | 0 | Henry |
| 25.1 | 1960-04-15 | 3 | 38°35'N / 94°39'W | 38°38'N / 94°37'W | 2.30 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 2 | 250K | 0 | Miami |
| 25.4 | 1958-05-31 | 2 | 37°57'N / 94°32'W | 37°59'N / 94°25'W | 6.40 Miles | 367 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Vernon |
| 25.5 | 1977-05-04 | 2 | 38°27'N / 94°48'W | 38°36'N / 94°41'W | 11.90 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Miami |
| 26.7 | 1968-05-15 | 3 | 38°40'N / 94°37'W | 38°38'N / 94°36'W | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Cass | ||
| 26.8 | 1960-04-15 | 3 | 38°38'N / 94°37'W | 38°42'N / 94°32'W | 6.10 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Cass |
| 27.1 | 1968-05-15 | 3 | 38°38'N / 94°39'W | 38°40'N / 94°36'W | 2.70 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Miami |
| 28.4 | 1964-04-12 | 3 | 38°42'N / 94°24'W | 38°46'N / 94°17'W | 7.60 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Cass |
| 28.7 | 1964-03-14 | 2 | 38°04'N / 94°46'W | 0.50 Mile | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Linn | |
| 29.2 | 2007-02-28 | 4 | 38°07'N / 95°04'W | 38°15'N / 94°39'W | 24.00 Miles | 800 Yards | 0 | 0 | 400K | 0K | Linn |
| Brief Description: EVENT NARRATIVE: EF4 tornado crossed from Anderson county into Linn county in Kansas at 7:30 PM CST, 4 miles northwest of Blue Mound. The tornado moved east-northeast over mainly rural areas of the county. A home, several farm buildings, and garage were completely destroyed. Other buildings received minor to moderate damage. There were no injuries or deaths with this tornado. The tornado also downed trees and power lines. The tornado lifted 6 miles north-northeast of Pleasanton at 8:10 PM CST. EPISODE NARRATIVE: A strong storm system lifted northeast into the region from Oklahoma, during the late afternoon and early evening hours on February 28th. The dynamics from this storm system provided the lift for rapid thunderstorm development along and north of a warm front by the early evening hours. There were numerous reports of hail with the storms, as well as some flash flooding. The most significant severe thunderstorm produced a tornado in Anderson county Kansas, which then tracked east into Linn county Kansas. The EF4 tornado took a nearly 24 mile continuous path, where it caused damage to mainly rural areas. Just north of Blue Mound a single residence, garage, and several farm buildings were completely destroyed. The tornado was historic, since it was the first time anywhere in the country that a tornado was rated as high as EF4, since switching to the new Enhanced Fujita scale February 1st, 2007. | |||||||||||
| 29.7 | 1958-11-17 | 3 | 37°48'N / 94°25'W | 37°59'N / 94°14'W | 16.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Vernon |
| 31.7 | 1999-05-04 | 3 | 37°59'N / 93°56'W | 38°01'N / 93°56'W | 3.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 50K | 0 | St. Clair |
| Brief Description: A tornado downed trees just north of Highway 82 near the intersection of OO Highway. The tornado skipped across an open field and increased in intensity just before striking and completely destroying a modular home, spreading debris nearly a mile away. One person in the home was injured. | |||||||||||
| 32.0 | 1995-05-17 | 3 | 37°50'N / 94°28'W | 37°53'N / 94°11'W | 14.00 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 9 | 7.0M | 0 | Vernon |
| Brief Description: A tornado destroyed homes and buildings to the west of Nevada, then heavily damaged brick buildings within the city. The tornado weakened as it tracked east northeast towards Dederick, but was still strong enough to uproot trees and destroy outbuildings. Witnesses reported extremely heavy rain with the tornadoes passage. The 3M industrial plant on the east side of Nevada recorded an 107 mph wind with the event. | |||||||||||
| 32.6 | 1955-05-27 | 2 | 38°13'N / 95°08'W | 38°29'N / 94°46'W | 27.00 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 0K | 0 | Anderson |
| 33.0 | 2003-05-04 | 2 | 38°38'N / 94°07'W | 38°44'N / 93°47'W | 18.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 1K | 0 | Johnson |
| Brief Description: This is the Cass county tornado which entered Johnson county in open country around Latour. Reported by a trained spotter. tornado intermittently touched down for the next 18 miles in mainly open country. A dry line moved into eastern Kansas on the afternoon of May 4th. Severe thunderstorms quickly erupted in the mid afternoon hours and marched east northeast into Missouri. Several of the severe thunderstorms became tornadic. A supercell thunderstorm produced 4 seperate tornadoes over the northland of Kansas City. The strongest tornadoes reached F4 in intensity and moved over southern portions of Platte and Clay counties. In Platte county 14 buildings were destroyed, 43 suffered major damage and 149 had minor damage. There were no fatalities or injuries and total damage was estimated at $33.95 million dollars. In Clay county total damages were estimated at $91 million dollars. Several hundred homes were either destroyed or had major or minor damage. No fatalities were observed but there were 19 injuries. This was the most significant tornado outbeak in the Kansas City Metropolitan area, since the Pleasant Hill Missouri outbreak in 1977. | |||||||||||
| 33.4 | 1964-04-12 | 3 | 38°46'N / 94°17'W | 38°50'N / 94°14'W | 5.20 Miles | 100 Yards | 1 | 10 | 2.5M | 0 | Cass |
| 33.7 | 1969-04-04 | 2 | 38°43'N / 93°59'W | 0.30 Mile | 150 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Johnson | |
| 34.6 | 1978-05-11 | 2 | 38°37'N / 94°59'W | 38°36'N / 94°46'W | 11.50 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 1 | 2.5M | 0 | Miami |
| 35.1 | 1964-04-20 | 2 | 38°42'N / 94°47'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Miami | |||
| 36.4 | 1973-04-20 | 2 | 37°58'N / 93°51'W | 38°02'N / 93°47'W | 5.70 Miles | 17 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | St. Clair |
| 37.1 | 1964-04-12 | 3 | 38°50'N / 94°14'W | 38°52'N / 94°13'W | 1.30 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Jackson |
| 37.2 | 1972-04-30 | 2 | 38°45'N / 94°46'W | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Johnson | |||
| 37.6 | 2004-05-26 | 2 | 37°58'N / 93°57'W | 37°58'N / 93°42'W | 12.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 1 | 500K | 0 | St. Clair |
| Brief Description: An F-2 tornado touched down seven miles west of Roscoe...eventually tracking through the middle of this small community. Numerous homes and building were heavily damaged or destroyed. Minutes later the tornado dissipated south of Osceola. One injury occurred from flying debris. | |||||||||||
| 37.8 | 1961-03-12 | 2 | 37°55'N / 94°49'W | 2.00 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Bourbon | |
| 38.0 | 1961-07-22 | 2 | 38°50'N / 94°08'W | 38°51'N / 94°06'W | 1.30 Miles | 133 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Jackson |
| 38.7 | 1963-04-03 | 2 | 37°50'N / 94°42'W | 0.30 Mile | 77 Yards | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Bourbon | |
| 38.9 | 1982-03-15 | 3 | 37°54'N / 93°52'W | 38°03'N / 93°42'W | 15.00 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25.0M | 0 | St. Clair |
| 39.1 | 1982-03-15 | 3 | 37°47'N / 94°03'W | 37°54'N / 93°53'W | 14.00 Miles | 500 Yards | 1 | 0 | 25.0M | 0 | Cedar |
| 39.4 | 1958-11-17 | 3 | 37°43'N / 94°31'W | 37°48'N / 94°25'W | 7.90 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Vernon |
| 39.8 | 2003-05-08 | 2 | 38°06'N / 95°04'W | 38°10'N / 95°01'W | 7.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 0 | 0 | 15K | 0 | Linn |
| Brief Description: Tornado crossed from Anderson county into Linn county 3 miles west northwest of Blue Mound and produced tree damage in rural county before dissipating. However...a cemetery was hit with many tombstones knocked over and damage to mausoleums. | |||||||||||
| 40.0 | 1965-09-20 | 2 | 38°54'N / 94°23'W | 1.50 Miles | 30 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Jackson | |
| 40.0 | 1964-04-12 | 3 | 38°52'N / 94°13'W | 38°54'N / 94°07'W | 5.40 Miles | 100 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Jackson |
| 40.6 | 1958-09-16 | 2 | 37°48'N / 93°59'W | 37°50'N / 93°57'W | 2.30 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Cedar |
| 40.8 | 1957-05-20 | 5 | 38°40'N / 95°04'W | 38°53'N / 94°36'W | 29.10 Miles | 440 Yards | 4 | 20 | 2.5M | 0 | Miami |
| 40.9 | 1964-04-12 | 2 | 38°34'N / 93°46'W | 38°41'N / 93°38'W | 10.70 Miles | 100 Yards | 1 | 3 | 250K | 0 | Johnson |
| 41.1 | 2006-03-12 | 2 | 37°45'N / 94°06'W | 37°52'N / 93°50'W | 16.00 Miles | 300 Yards | 1 | 5 | 800K | 0 | Cedar |
| Brief Description: This tornado is a continuation of the Vernon County tornado. The tornado increased in intensity as it tracked across Cedar County. 47 structures were damaged and 26 were destroyed including homes and businesses. Five injuries and one fatality resulted. A 77 year old man died six days later in the hospital from blunt trauma injuries he sustained from flying debris. He apparently was attempting to move into his basement as the tornado struck his frame home near Virgil City. The tornado exited Cedar County east of Cedar Springs and continued into St. Clair County. M77PH | |||||||||||
| 41.4 | 1968-05-15 | 2 | 38°50'N / 94°03'W | 38°53'N / 93°58'W | 5.20 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 2 | 250K | 0 | Johnson |
| 41.4 | 1952-05-22 | 2 | 38°54'N / 94°16'W | 38°56'N / 94°14'W | 1.30 Miles | 440 Yards | 0 | 1 | 250K | 0 | Jackson |
| 42.4 | 1973-09-24 | 2 | 37°57'N / 95°03'W | 38°02'N / 94°58'W | 7.20 Miles | 60 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Bourbon |
| 43.0 | 1957-05-20 | 5 | 38°53'N / 94°36'W | 38°59'N / 94°24'W | 12.60 Miles | 440 Yards | 37 | 176 | 2.5M | 0 | Jackson |
| 43.0 | 1982-03-15 | 3 | 37°38'N / 94°22'W | 37°47'N / 94°03'W | 17.00 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25.0M | 0 | Vernon |
| 43.4 | 1961-04-21 | 2 | 38°05'N / 95°09'W | 38°10'N / 95°04'W | 7.20 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Anderson |
| 43.6 | 1954-05-31 | 2 | 38°53'N / 94°43'W | 2.00 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Johnson | |
| 44.3 | 1977-05-04 | 2 | 38°53'N / 94°48'W | 38°54'N / 94°39'W | 7.80 Miles | 70 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Johnson |
| 45.3 | 1958-11-17 | 3 | 37°39'N / 94°34'W | 37°43'N / 94°31'W | 5.20 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Vernon |
| 46.3 | 1965-05-26 | 2 | 38°58'N / 94°21'W | 39°01'N / 94°17'W | 4.90 Miles | 500 Yards | 0 | 4 | 250K | 0 | Jackson |
| 46.4 | 2006-03-12 | 2 | 38°36'N / 93°40'W | 38°42'N / 93°32'W | 12.00 Miles | 200 Yards | 0 | 4 | 2.0M | 0 | Johnson |
| Brief Description: Tornado touched down at 2040 CST 2 miles northeast of Leeton...producing F0 damage along PP Highway. As it moved northeast...additional F0 to F1 damage was noted to a farmstead along SE 650th Road. The most intense F2 damage was noted along Y Highway just east of Highway 23...where several homes suffered F2 damage. The tornado crossed into Pettis county at 2057 CST...1.5 miles southeast of Whiteman Air Force Base. | |||||||||||
| 46.5 | 1973-04-19 | 4 | 38°32'N / 93°32'W | 10.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 5 | 25K | 0 | Henry | |
| 47.3 | 1954-03-24 | 2 | 38°44'N / 95°03'W | 0 | 0 | 3K | 0 | Franklin | |||
| 47.4 | 1964-04-12 | 4 | 38°07'N / 95°18'W | 38°22'N / 95°08'W | 19.40 Miles | 880 Yards | 3 | 9 | 250K | 0 | Anderson |
| 47.6 | 1966-04-19 | 3 | 38°55'N / 94°48'W | 38°58'N / 94°40'W | 7.70 Miles | 150 Yards | 0 | 4 | 2.5M | 0 | Johnson |
| 48.0 | 1974-04-20 | 2 | 38°17'N / 95°14'W | 1.00 Mile | 200 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Anderson | |
| 48.0 | 1981-05-23 | 2 | 38°22'N / 95°14'W | 1.50 Miles | 50 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Anderson | |
| 48.4 | 1958-11-17 | 3 | 37°38'N / 94°34'W | 37°39'N / 94°34'W | 1.10 Miles | 400 Yards | 0 | 0 | 250K | 0 | Barton |
| 48.6 | 1982-03-15 | 3 | 38°05'N / 93°35'W | 38°15'N / 93°22'W | 14.00 Miles | 700 Yards | 0 | 1 | 2.5M | 0 | Benton |
| 48.7 | 1977-05-04 | 3 | 38°48'N / 95°03'W | 38°55'N / 94°49'W | 14.70 Miles | 33 Yards | 0 | 0 | 2.5M | 0 | Johnson |
| 48.8 | 2003-05-08 | 2 | 38°01'N / 95°18'W | 38°08'N / 95°05'W | 15.00 Miles | 800 Yards | 0 | 3 | 1.1M | 0 | Anderson |
| Brief Description: A tornado formed 5 miles southeast of Colony and traveled a 15 mile path northeast before entering Linn county and dissipating. While in Anderson county the tornado injured 3 people, destroyed 7 homes and seriously damaged 2 others. Severe weather erupted over a large part of the area during the afternoon and evening hours of the 8th. Numerous reports of large hail and a few reports of strong winds were received. In addition 12 tornadoes were reported (discussed separately), some doing considerable damage. Four funnel clouds were also sighted. May 8, 2003, was estimated to be the most significant and widespread tornado outbreak in northeast Kansas since April 26, 1991. All meteorological severe weather forecast parameters came together over northeast Kansas on the afternoon of May 8 to produce an SPC "high risk" area of potential severe weather. The possibility of strong, long-lived destructive tornadoes was highlighted for nearly 24 hours in advance in nearly every NWS statement and product. The significant and widespread tornado outbreak in the nearby Kansas City area just four days before increased public weather awareness and concern, and together with timely watches, statements and warnings, helped prevent tornado related deaths and minimized storm injuries. | |||||||||||
| 49.6 | 1960-04-16 | 3 | 38°29'N / 95°17'W | 38°35'N / 95°10'W | 9.20 Miles | 77 Yards | 0 | 0 | 25K | 0 | Franklin |
| 49.9 | 2003-05-04 | 3 | 37°34'N / 94°31'W | 37°38'N / 94°06'W | 23.00 Miles | 880 Yards | 0 | 0 | 5.0M | 1.0M | Barton |
| Brief Description: An F-4 tornado tracked over the Kansas-Missouri state line and into west central Barton County. The tornado destroyed several farm houses and outbuildings prior to dissipating one mile north of Liberal. Ten injuries and one fatality can be accounted for from this large tornado. Rex Smith age 88, was in his frame house two miles west of Liberal when the tornado approached. He was deceased from flying debris. While this tornado was dissipating, a second tornado had formed one mile east of Liberal. This feature then tracked 23 miles through mainly rural farm land of central and northeast Barton County, and eventually through Cedar, Polk, Hickory, and Dallas counties. Altogether there were approximately 50 homes and outbuildings that were destroyed from the twisters. | |||||||||||
* The information on this page is based on the global volcano database, the U.S. earthquake database of 1638-1985, and the U.S. Tornado and Weather Extremes database of 1950-2010.